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Standard A1. Incorporates theories of and research in adult development in designing effective instruction appropriate to the learning environment (e.g., in the classroom, workplace, homeless shelter).
Author Title Publishing Information Abstract

Auerbach, E.
Wallerstein, N.

ESL for action: problem posing at work

Addison-Wesley, 1987
ISBN: 0201001012

Intended for the intermediate to advanced ESOL student, this text teaches communication skills for those students working or about to enter the workforce. Highlights include the problem posing approach to teaching ESOL for the workplace, learner centered lessons which promote affective learning and critical thinking skills, and ESOL based on content based on work themes. Comes with teachers guide.
Auerbach, Elsa Making meaning, making change: participatory curriculum development for adult ESL literacy Center for Applied Linguistics Delta Systems, McHenry, IL, 1997 A guide to participatory curriculum development based on adult education theory and Paolo Freire's approach to education for conscientization and action. It includes a chapter on the principles and research that inform this approach drawn from adult development and adult learning theories.
Barndt, D. Belfiore, M.E. Handscome, J. English at work: a toolkit for teachers

Ontario, Community Outreach, 1986

Helps ESOL teachers prepare for teaching classes in various workplaces.
Barndt, Deborah, Cristall, Ferne, Marino, Dian Getting there: producing photo-stories with immigrant women Between the Lines, Toronto, 1982 "Getting There" explores learning experiences which will help adults discover their own values, needs, and skills and how they might fulfill their employment needs. For adults who are trying to make a transition from welfare to work or further education, the curriculum combines activities of personal reflection with research into local job and training opportunities and practice of job search skills.
Bartlett, K. J. Vargas, F. Literacy Education for Adult Migrant Farmworkers www.ericacve.org
Number 334873
This article describes the population of migrant farmworkers, some of their educational challenges, and programs currently available to serve them. Challenges cited include mobility, lack of a national system to track progress of adults, and lack of child care.
Baumgartner, L. Merriam, S.B. eds Multicultural Stories Krieger, 2000 The culturally diverse stories and poems in this compilation illustrate six themes of adult development: identity; the importance of work; intimacy; the family life cycle; physical development, health, and aging; and learning in adulthood.
Bransford, J.D. Brown, A. Cockings, R. eds How people learn: mind, experience, and school National Academy Press, 1999 Covers the latest research on how people learn, focusing on four dimensions of performance--knowledge base, fluency, independence, and range--which "influence how people move from novice to expert in any area."
Brookfield, Stephen Understanding and Facilitating Adult Learning: A Comprehensive Analysis of Principles and Effective Practices

Jossey-Bass, San Fransisco, CA

One of the field's most valued thinkers, Stephen Brookfield analyzes various approaches to teaching adults and reviews the research on how adults learn.
Brown, H.D. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching (4th) Prentice Hall, 2000 The core text for the Massachusetts ESOL licensure-compatible courses to date, and improved in the new edition. Strong, comprehensive coverage of language learning theory and teaching methods, and one of the richest and most revealing examinations of what "cultural differences" can entail.
Clark, M.C. Caffarella, R. An Update on Adult Development Theory: New Ways of Thinking about the Life Course Jossey-Bass, 1999 Reviews recent work in adult development in four domains--biological, psychological, sociocultural, and integrated--and explores the implications of the work for adult education.
Cromley, Jennifer Learning to Learn, Learning to Think For ordering information:
www.nifl.gov/activities/
or
www.ed.gov/pubs/
edpubs.html
Rapidly becoming a virtual handbook for the "cognitive revolution" in research and practice, and one of the most practitioner-friendly resources. Cromley covers a wide range of adult development and learning theories, dispels myths, connects research to practice, and provides a host of handy appendices, factsheets, and templates for ready reference.
Demetrion, G. "A Critical Pedagogy of the Mainstream" Adult Basic Education, Summer 1998 Links adult literacy learning within mainstream programs to a personal philosophy of self-actualization, a scaffolding pedagogy, and the quest for inclusion into the main fabric of American economic, cultural and social life. These, in turn, are interpreted as important components undergirding John Jewey's concept of growth in its application to adult literacy, the philosophicd premise which frames this essay. The author warns that several thinkers in the field are promoting philosophical ideals that might do harm rather than good because they create unrealistic expectations in learners.
Dirkx, J. "Transformative Learning Theory in the Practice of Adult Education"

PAACE Journal of Lifelong Learning 7, 1998

 

Summarizes four theoretical perspectives on transformative learning as consciousness raising, critical reflection, development, and individuation.
Fenwick, T. "Women Composing Selves, Seeking Authenticity: A Study of Women's Development in the Workplace" International Journal of Lifelong Education
May-June 1998
v17, n3
A study examined the workplace learning experiences of 17 women, using oral-history methods. Central to the experiences was exploration of self. Themes included ANNOTATION TRUNCATED
Freire, Paulo Pedagogy of the Oppressed: 30th Anniversary edition Continuum Pub Group, New York, NY, 2000
www.continuum-books.com
Also, try half.com or bookfinder.com for used copies.
The work of this Brazilian thinker has formed the foundation for generations of practitioners who feel that learners must be allowed share control over educational content and methods and that one of the primary outcomes of education should be social awareness and personal empowerment.
Friere, P. Education for Critical Consciousness

New York, Continuum Pub Group, 2000
www.continuum-books.com
Also, try half.com or bookfinder.com for used copies.

The work of this Brazilian thinker has formed the foundation for generations of practitioners who feel that learners must be allowed shared control over educational content and methods and that one of the primary outcomes of educaiton should be social awareness and personal empowerment.
Gillespie, M. Learning to Work in a New Land: A Review and Sourcebook for Vocational and Workplace ESL Washington, DC, Center for Applied Linguistics, 1996 This report provides a detailed overview of vocational and workplace ESL instruction in the United States. It reviews existing research and practice, presents program models, details funding strategies, and explains how to set up a workplace ESL program. It also includes examples of classroom activities and tools to use in needs assessment, learner assessment, and program evaluation. (1996) "Gillespie's ability to distill research and present it clearly is evident in this important new work. Public policy committees in adult education, workplace education collaboratives, labor-management coalitions, and labor unions could all benefit from this book." Lenore Balliro, World Education, Boston
Gillespie, Marilyn, Kelly, Janet Many literacies: modules for training adult beginning readers and tutors Center for International Education, Amherst, MA This very accessible work summarizes and applies research in modules that provide strategies for teaching reading and writing.
Hayes, E. et al Women as Learners: the Significance of Gender in Adult Learning Jossey-Bass, 2000 The edited chapters in this book consider the unique learning experiences of women and examine how women learn. The authors draw on feminist theory to make practical suggestions for the construction of adult education programs, workplace education, counseling programs, and professional development models.
Horsman, Jennifer Something in my mind besides the everyday: women and literacy Women's Press, Toronto, 1990 The author of this 238-page study set out to challenge the myths of illiteracy by listening to women's accounts of their own lives. She interviewed 23 women participating in literacy and training programs and workers in these programs in rural Nova Scotia. She examines some of the myths about illiteracy such as literacy will automatically improve lives; "illiterates" can't think abstractly or use logic; and women are to blame for their own illiteracy. She identifies social structures that support the myths of illiteracy. The author makes a powerful case for valuing these womens' experiences and recognizing that many left school for complex reasons rather than lack of motivation.
Jarvis, P. Paradox of Learing: On Becoming and Individual in Society. Jossey-Bass, 1992 A readable exploration of the nature of adult human development, with an emphasis on how the very institutions established to promote learning in society find themselves in the contradictory position of diminishing the learning potential and opportunities of learners. "Jarvis explores the difficult paradox of cultivating creative thinking and reflective action in a society that values the acquisition of degrees, certificates, and titles over actual learning and growth."
Journal Focus on Basics volume 5B  Focus on Basics is published by the National Center for the Study of Adult Learning and Literacy (NCSALL). Ordering information can be obtained at the NCSALL website at ncsall.gse.harvard.edu The whole issue is on adult development, providing an overview on 4 separate theories of development and how they apply to the classroom. Also has findings from NCSALL's research on levels of adult development in basic Ed students.
Kegan, R. Toward a New Pluralism in ABE/ESOL Classrooms: Teaching to Multiple "Cultures of Mind"

NCSALL Report 19A

ncsall.gse.harvard.edu

The executive summary of a recently completed Harvard study by Robert Kegan and several co-researchers. The study discovers a strong connection between learner development and how they perceive curriculum and instruction. Teachers need to be equipped to understand how powerfully developmental levels can affect learner performance; for example, how "ready" is a certain learner for a teacher-imposed lesson plan involving a high degree of learner self-direction or self-assessment. The study also explores the complexities of the teacher-learner relationship and the importance of "cohorts" within program populations.
Kegan, Robert In Over Our Heads: The Mental Demands of Modern Life Harvard University Press, Cambridge Kegan has made a strong case, now widely held, that educators must consider an entire second "tier" of basic skills that adults need to be effective in modern society. Kegan has called these the higher-order skills, and they include solving complex problems and identifying resources. The book is highly readable.
Kim, K. Collins, M. & McArthur, E. Participation of Adults in English as a Second Language Classes USDepartment of Education, Office of Ed Research & Improvement, Natl Center for Ed Statistics, 1997 The purposes of this report are to present rates of participation in adult ESL classes in 1994-1995, examine how these participation rates are associated with the characteristics of adults, describe some features of ESL participation, and describe the main barriers to adults' participation in ESL.
Larsen-Freeman, D. Second Language Acquisition Research: Staking Out the Territory TESOL Quarterly, 1991 This extensive article reports on more recent research, which focuses on attempts to explain how language acquistion occurs and how learner factors lead to different levels and kinds of success among learners. "The focus has alternately broadened as researchers became more aware of the complexity of the issues and narrowed as greater depth of analysis was required." Larsen-Freeman suggests that the next phase of research will be attempts to unite both areas of focus: learning and the learner.
Larsen-Freeman, Diane Techniques and principles in language teaching Oxford University Press, New York, NY Larsen-Freeman is a highly regarded professor at the School for International Study. This book is a popular intro to language teaching which explores traditional methods and recent innovations. Readers are invited into classrooms to see for themselves a method in action. They are also encouraged to reflect on their own beliefs and to develop their own approaches. The book provides practical, step by step guidance for new teachers, while introducing more experienced teachers to new approaches and ideas.
Lee, Enid, Menkart, Deborah, Okazawa-Rey, Margo Beyond heroes and holidays: a practical guide to K-12 anti-racist, multicultural education and staff development Network of Educators on the Americas, Washington, DC, 1998 This book functions as a interdisciplinary guide for teachers, administrators, students and parents. It offers lessons and readings developed by teachers that show how to analyze the roots of racism, investigate the impact of racism on all our lives, our families and our communities, examine the relationship between racism and other forms of oppression such as sexism, classism and heterosexism, and learn to work to dismantle racism in our schools, communities and wider society.
Littleton, R. An Overview of Black Adult Development Theories

ERIC 426313

www.askeric.org/

Summarizes and discusses the conceptualized theories that are pertinent to the psychosocial development of culturally black adult students. Includes researchers who have provided alternative models and theories addressing the development needs of black college students.
McCloskey, J. Three Generations of Navajo Women: Negotiating Life Course in the Eastern Navajo Agency American Indian Culture and Journal Inteviews with 78 Navajo grandmothers, midlife mothers, and young moethers; examines their life course patterns in cultural and historical contexts.
McKay, H., Abigail, Tom Teaching Adult Second Language Learners Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999 This is a very user-friendly teacher resource which emphasizes the importance of knowing who the adult learner is, and what the adult learner brings to the classroom (and how teachers can learn about their learners). The authors devote a section to building community in the classroom, designing lesson plans, and working with multilevel students. Although geared towards ESOL learning situations, the information, suggestions and activities are useful and informative for all adult educators.
Merriam, S.B. Caffarella, R.S. Learning in Adulthood, 2nd Ed. Jossey-Bass, 1999 Part two of this book focuses on adults' developmental characteristics. Biological, psychological, age and stage models, cognifitive development, and intelligence are covered.
Mezirow, J. Education for Perspective Transformation: Women's Reentry Programs in Community Colleges New York, Teacher's College at Columbia University, 1975 "This report describes and discusses the findings that emerged from a study of reentry programs for women in community colleges across the nation.... These programs are designed to assist women who are resuming their education or are considering employment after an extended hiatus....The primary goal of the study was to identify factors that charateristically impede or facilitate the progress of these reentry programs" by providing "a qualitative data base specifying the most significant factors influencing the programs now in operation....The researchers drew on the inductive methodology of grounded theory,"...and derived the study's data from a combination of intensive field study, comprehensive analytical analysis, and written responses by programs."
Mezirow, J. On critical reflection Adult Education Quarterly; v48 n3 p185-98 Spr 1998 This article presents an analysis and clarification of the role of critical reflection of assumptions. This concept can help practitioners understand the process of how adults learn to think for themselves and act based on their own set of values rather than the values of others. The article discusses the types of critical reflection and the role critical reflection plays in learning.
Mezirow, J. and Associates.
Learning as Transformation: Critical Perspectives on a Theory in Progress.
Jossey-Bass, San Fransisco, CA, 2000
Jack Mezirow is one of the most respected thinkers and researchers on adult development and learning theory. Here he brings together the latest research and theory related to transformative learning, including implications for adult development. Contributors share examples from their own experiences as educators and assess the evolution of transformative learning in practice and philosophy.
Mezirow, Jack

A critical theory of adult learning and education

Journal of Adult Education, Vol. 32 #1 1981  This article discusses the theories of Jurgen Habermas, the nature of three domains of adult learning, each with its own interpretative categories, learning goals, needs, and methods of educational intervention. It includes a "charter for andragogy which defines the term as "an organized sustained effort to assist adults to learn in a way that enhances their capability to function as self directed learners."
Mezirow, Jack Fostering Critical Reflection in Adulthood Jossey-Bass , San Fransisco, CA, 1990  This book focuses on helping adults identify the frames of reference and assumptions that influence the way they perceive, think, decide, feel, and act on their experience. It suggests methods and proram approaches for precipitating and fostering transformative learning.
Nieto, Sonia Affirming diversity : the sociopolitical context of multicultural education Longman Publishers USA, Whiteplains NY Affirming Diversity is a comprehensive presentation of the multicultural paradigm. Sonia Nieto's holistic perspective holds that social and political realities, school curricula and practices, and the multiple cultures of students and their communities must be understood in tandem. In her view, multicultural education entails a thorough pedagogical and structural reformation of schooling, including a serious rethinking of tracking and testing, textbooks and narrow curricula, and lack of student participation in their own learning. Affirming Diversity is makes a good case for a democratic education that "takes students seriously, uses their experiences as a basis for further learning, and helps them develop into critical and empowered citizens."
Nonesuch, K. Making Connections: Literacy and EAL Curriculum from a Feminist Perspective

Toronto, Canadian Congress for Learning Opportunities for Women (CCLOW), 1996

www.nald.ca/province/bc/lbc/
pub/bulletin/spring98/
page20.htm

Making Connections, a clear and practical guide for addressing issues of women learners, was created by a diverse group of Canadian women in literacy, EAL/ESL and women's learning. As the Introduction explains, a feminist curriculum "does not tell women what tothink, how to live or what to do, " but instead, makes space for women's experience and invites learners "to make connections between their lives and the lives of others, and to think about issues of invisibility and power." These materials are not for women-only groups. Except for specific topics (e.g. Choosing Safer Sex), they are meant to be used with mixed groups of women and men or in one-to-one work. Chapter themes include: Daily Lives, Self Esteem and Literacy, Cultural Awareness, and Gender Roles.
Portnow, K. et al Transformational Learning in Adulthood Focus on Basics, Dec. 1998
Volume 2, Issue D
ncsall.gse.harvard.edu
A report on a study from the National Center for the Study of Adult Learning and Literacy with excellent foundational adult development info: "In our view, transformational learning relates to the expansion or enhanced complexity in the very way people understand the world and their experiences. It focuses on changes in how people know. We [the author-researchers] link adult growth and competence in one's role as parent, worker, or learner to transformational change, not informational change... Our hope is to deepen knowledge about how to best promote and support the process of learning, transformation, and role competency in adults by bringing our theoretical perspective to this research on adult basic education."
Ranard, Donald A., Pfleger, Margo Language and Literacy Education for Southeast Asian Refugees www.ericacve.org
ERIC 365170
This article discusses changes in the way the needs of this population of learners for language and literacy education have been met during the 1970’s through the late 80’s. It especially focuses on the question of whether new refugees should receive intensive language and job training before they enter the workforce or study part time after they have found employment.
Royce, S. Focus Bulletins www.able.state.pa.us/able/cwp/ Researcher Sherry Royce produces four-page Focus Bulletins for the Pennsylvania Department of Education's Bureau of ABLE which are specifically designed to identify promising projects, exemplary research, and professional development resource sites that are valuable and appropriate for ABE staff. Reviews are written from a practitioner perspective and ratings assigned to each resource reviewed. Issues are theme oriented and address such subjects as Workplace, Family Literacy, Special Populations, ESL, Program Improvement, Learner Resources, and Research and Professional Development. Five Bulletins are published each year from January to May.
Smith, M.C. & Pourchot, T. eds. Adult Learning and Development: Perspectives from Educational Psychology Mayway, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum, 1998 Perspectives on adult development and learning are presented by educational psychologists in order to contribute to adult education. Includes information on adult intellectual function, thinking, and problem-solving skills and research on adult learning domains.
Taylor, K.
Marienau, C. & Fiddler, M.
Developing Adult Learners: Strategies for Teachers and Trainers Jossey-Bass, 2000 Provides a conceptual framework linking intentions and development, dozens of proven activities framed by developmental intentions; and an examination of developmentally focused educational practices.

Website

Adult Basic Education Teacher's Toolkit www-tcall.tamu.edu/toolkit/
COVER.HTM
This toolkit, from the Texas Education Agency, covers a wide range of ABE learning concepts and approaches, including key considerations involving adult development in the first few chapters.
Website Adult Development Group

ncsall.gse.harvard.edu

This page is the portal to several studies conducted by the Adult Development Group at the National Center for the Study of Adult Learning and Literacy (NCSALL), a partnership with headquarters in Massachusetts. The studies offer practitioners a fuller understanding of how adult learners view their roles and add to practitioner's knowledge of what educational practices and processes support learner growth and transformations in role competence
Website College for Lifelong Learning Course Offerings

www.cll.edu/programs/
prog_adln.htm

This site lists academic programs for the College for Lifelong Learning in Concord, NH, specifically courses that cover knowledge of unique elements related to adult learning, such as the importance of experience in learning, the ongoing cognitive development process, and the effects of aging on the learning process; ability to apply knowledge about adult learning to the design and teaching of learning activities and programs in a way which makes them "adult friendly" and effective formats for learning; and understanding of other important factors that are part of adult learning, such as diversity and learning, the role of learning in the workplace, and learning as a collaborative process.
Website NCSALL (National Center for the Study of Adult Learning and Literacy) ncsall.gse.havard.edu NCSALL is a joint project between Harvard University’s Graduate School of Education, World Education, Rutgers University Graduate School of Education, Portland State University, and the Center for Literacy Studies at the University of Tennessee. It’s mission is to improve the quality of practice in adult basic education, adult ESOL, and adult secondary education programs through the use of research. NCSALL conducts research on topics such as persistence and retention in adult education programs, the impact of gaining a GED, the use of multiple intelligences theory in adult education, and adult reading components which seeks to group learners using components of reading ability and give input to creating a better assessment tool for low level readers who are adults. NCSALL has a special emphasis on connecting research and practice via many routes which include the publications “Focus On Basics” and the Annual Review of Adult Learning and Literacy as well as the PDRN (Practitioner Dissemination and Research Network).
Website The Center for Literacy Studies cls.coe.utk.edu/ The Center for Literacy Studies strengthens adult literacy education in order to equip adults with the knowledge and skills they need to be lifelong learners and effective members of their families, communities and workplaces. The Center links theory and practice through research, professional development, partnerships, and building and sharing the knowledge of the field. The website contains links to professional development information as well as special online collections on topics such as health and literacy, science and numeracy, literacy and learning disabilities, and workforce education.
Wrigley, Heide Spruck, Guth, Gloria Bringing literacy to life: issues and options in adult ESL literacy

Aguirre International for the U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Vocational and Adult Education, San Mateo, CA, 1992

email: csoong@aiweb.com

This is a highly regarded handbook for practitioners which links theory and practice in adult literacy with a special focus on ESL Literacy. It contains chapters on teaching approaches, curriculum, assessment, staff development and technology, along with several curriculum units developed by teachers in the field. The handbook uses promising practices culled from innovative programs to illustrate engaged learning and adventurous teaching
ZIP Got a great resource to suggest? Does one of our resources cover additional standards? All additions, suggestions, and queries are welcome! Please contact Carey Reid at creid@worlded.org

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