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Standard B3. Draws on the range of interests, needs, and approaches of learners in planning instruction.
Author Title Publishing Information Abstract
Adkins, M.A.
Sample, B.
Birman, D.
Mental Health and the Adult Refugee: The Role of the ESL Teacher www.ericacve.org
ERIC Number 439625
This article focuses on how teachers can help adult refugees and immigrant learners make significant progress in adjusting to a new life in an unfamiliar culture. It discusses the qualities of mental health, stresses faced by refugees, and three things that teachers can do to help their students adjust.
Agger, I.
Bille, M.
The Blue Room: Trauma & Testimony Among Refugee Women, a Psycho-Social Exploration NJ, Zed Books, 1992. A collection of narrative accounts and insightful analyses of refugee women's experiences.
Bartlett, K. J. Vargas, F. Literacy Education for Adult Migrant Farmworkers www.ericacve.org
ERIC 334873
This article describes the population of migrant farmworkers, some of their educational challenges, and programs currently available to serve them. Challenges cited include mobility, lack of a national system to track progress of adults, and lack of child care.
Christison, Mary Ann; Kennedy, Deborah
Multiple Intelligences: Theory and Practice in Adult ESL
This article underlines the basic tenets of Multiple Intelligence (MI) Theory and describes how it has been applied in teaching ESOL to adults. MI Theory broadens the traditional view of intelligence. MI Theory maintains that all humans have at least eight different intelligences that represent a variety of ways to learn and demonstrate understanding. Teachers who use MI to inform their curriculum development find that they gain a deeper understanding of their students' learning preferences and a great appreciation of their strengths, which generally results in higher levels of student engagement.
Cochran-Smith, Marilyn, Lytle, Susan L. Inside/outside: teacher research and knowledge Teachers College Press, New York, NY, 1993 In the first section of the this book, the primary authors describe their vision for teacher research and underscore how it can offer valuable knowledge within classes and in the field. In the section section, various pracititioners describe their process of responding to particular teaching/learning needs of their classes and how they engaged in reflective practice to address a wide range of issues. While most teachers worked in a K-12 setting, some adult education teachers are represented.
Genzel, R.B.
Cummings, M.G.
Culturally Speaking: A Conversaton & Culture Tex Boston: Heinle & Heinle A conversation textbook that focuses on the importance that cultural elements play in communication. Developed for use with intermediate and advanced ESOL learners. Guides them in making and sharing cross-cultural comparisons and practice conversations in realistic, everyday situations as they learn about American customs and culture. Contains Quick Customs Quizzes and Let's Share exercises.
Gillespie, M. Learning to Work in a New Land: A Review and Sourcebook for Vocational and Workplace ESL Washington, DC, Center for Applied Linguistics, 1996 This report provides a detailed overview of vocational and workplace ESL instruction in the United States. It reviews existing research and practice, presents program models, details funding strategies, and explains how to set up a workplace ESL program. It also includes examples of classroom activities and tools to use in needs assessment, learner assessment, and program evaluation. (1996) "Gillespie's ability to distill research and present it clearly is evident in this important new work. Public policy committees in adult education, workplace education collaboratives, labor-management coalitions, and labor unions could all benefit from this book." Lenore Balliro, World Education, Boston
Holcomb, Tom; Peyton, Joy Kreeft
ESL Literacy for a Linguistic Minority: The Deaf Experience
www.ericacve.org
ERIC 353861
This article offers possible explanations for the difficulties deaf individuals face when dealing with work related reading, writing, and communication with co-workers. The article also describes new approaches in deaf education that show promise for improving the literacy skills of deaf students.
Horsman, Jennifer Something in my mind besides the everyday: women and literacy Women's Press, Toronto, 1990 The author of this 238-page study set out to challenge the myths of illiteracy by listening to women's accounts of their own lives. She interviewed 23 women participating in literacy and training programs and workers in these programs in rural Nova Scotia. She examines some of the myths about illiteracy such as literacy will automatically improve lives; "illiterates" can't think abstractly or use logic; and women are to blame for their own illiteracy. She identifies social structures that support the myths of illiteracy. The author makes a powerful case for valuing these womens' experiences and recognizing that many left school for complex reasons rather than lack of motivation.
Horsman, Jennifer Something in my mind besides the everyday: women and literacy Women's Press, Toronto, 1990 The author of this 238-page study set out to challenge the myths of illiteracy by listening to women's accounts of their own lives. She interviewed 23 women participating in literacy and training programs and workers in these programs in rural Nova Scotia. She examines some of the myths about illiteracy such as literacy will automatically improve lives; "illiterates" can't think abstractly or use logic; and women are to blame for their own illiteracy. She identifies social structures that support the myths of illiteracy. The author makes a powerful case for valuing these womens' experiences and recognizing that many left school for complex reasons rather than lack of motivation.
Isserlis, Janet Trauma and the Adult English Language Learner www.ericacve.org
ERIC Number 444397

Also at:
www.cal.org/ncle/DIGESTS/
trauma2..htm
This article describes trauma and abuse in immigrant communities, discusses the effects of trauma on learning, and suggests ways in which practitioners can modify their practice to facilitate learning among victims of trauma and violence. It includes a bulleted list of implications for practice.
Kallenbach, S.
Viens, J.
Multiple Intelligences in Practice

Can be ordered for $10 from NCSALL, also on webiste:
http://ncsall.gse.harvard.edu

This book presents the research journeys and findings of nine teachers who applied MI theory in their teaching of ESOL, math, writing, GED, and career planning.
Kegan, R. Toward a New Pluralism in ABE/ESOL Classrooms: Teaching to Multiple "Cultures of Mind"

NCSALL Report 19A

http://ncsall.gse.harvard.edu

The executive summary of a recently completed Harvard study by Robert Kegan and several co-researchers. The study discovers a strong connection between learner development and how they perceive curriculum and instruction. Teachers need to be equipped to understand how powerfully developmental levels can affect learner performance; for example, how "ready" is a certain learner for a teacher-imposed lesson plan involving a high degree of learner self-direction or self-assessment. The study also explores the complexities of the teacher-learner relationship and the importance of "cohorts" within program populations.
Lytle, S.
Belzer, A.
Reumann, R.
Invitations to Inquiry: Rethinking Staff Development in adult Literacy Education Philadelphia, National Center on Adult Literacy (NCAL), 1992
Download from:
http://literacy.org/search/
detailed.html
This monograph introduces a model for inquiry-centered staff development in which participants work collaboratively to conduct systematic inquiries at their program settings, critically analyze current theory and research from field-based perspectives, and make problematic the social, political, and cultural arrangements that structure literacy learning and teaching in particular contexts.
McKay, H., Abigail, Tom Teaching Adult Second Language Learners Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999 This is a very user-friendly teacher resource which emphasizes the importance of knowing who the adult learner is, and what the adult learner brings to the classroom (and how teachers can learn about their learners). The authors devote a section to building community in the classroom, designing lesson plans, and working with multilevel students. Although geared towards ESOL learning situations, the information, suggestions and activities are useful and informative for all adult educators.
McKenzie, J. From Now On Article on Website
Download from: www.fno.org
Jamie McKenzie is recognized for being highly knowledgeable about the uses of technology for instruction, but also for being aware of the pitfalls of misguided uses or unforeseen difficulties. His articles have been collected for downloading on this Website. Some titles are: "From Technology Refusal to Technology Acceptance: A Reprise" (an examination of why technology often does not fulfill its promise in educational settings); "Secrets of Success: Professional Development that Works"; "Learning Digitally" ("Learning digitally will only transform schools and student performance if we make wise program decisions, invest mightily in professional development, and emphasize strategic teaching."; and "Deep Thinking and Deep Reading..." ("...are dual processors which inform the search for truth and lead us toward insight and illumination."
Nieto, Sonia Affirming diversity : the sociopolitical context of multicultural education Longman Publishers USA, White Plains NY, 1996 Affirming Diversity is a comprehensive presentation of the multicultural paradigm. Sonia Nieto's holistic perspective holds that social and political realities, school curricula and practices, and the multiple cultures of students and their communities must be understood in tandem. In her view, multicultural education entails a thorough pedagogical and structural reformation of schooling, including a serious rethinking of tracking and testing, textbooks and narrow curricula, and lack of student participation in their own learning. Affirming Diversity is makes a good case for a democratic education that "takes students seriously, uses their experiences as a basis for further learning, and helps them develop into critical and empowered citizens."
Nonesuch, K. Making Connections: Literacy and EAL Curriculum from a Feminist Perspective

Toronto, Canadian Congress for Learning Opportunities for Women (CCLOW), 1996
www.nald.ca/province/bc/lbc
/pub/bulletin/spring98/
page20.htm

Making Connections, a clear and practical guide for addressing issues of women learners, was created by a diverse group of Canadian women in literacy, EAL/ESL and women's learning. As the Introduction explains, a feminist curriculum "does not tell women what tothink, how to live or what to do, " but instead, makes space for women's experience and invites learners "to make connections between their lives and the lives of others, and to think about issues of invisibility and power." These materials are not for women-only groups. Except for specific topics (e.g. Choosing Safer Sex), they are meant to be used with mixed groups of women and men or in one-to-one work. Chapter themes include: Daily Lives, Self Esteem and Literacy, Cultural Awareness, and Gender Roles.
Nunan, David The Learner-Centred Curriculum Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1988 Traditionally, curriculum has been thought of as a statment of what SHOULD BE done in a course of study. This books takes as it's starting point, what IS being done by language teachers in their classrooms. Mr Nunan puts forth in the course of this book, a model for a negotiated curriculum which involves collaboration between teachers and learners.
Ranard, Donald A., Pfleger, Margo Language and Literacy Education for Southeast Asian Refugees www.ericacve.org
ERIC 365170
This article discusses changes in the way the needs of this population of learners for language and literacy education have been met during the 1970’s through the late 80’s. It especially focuses on the question of whether new refugees should receive intensive language and job training before they enter the workforce or study part time after they have found employment.
Schwarz, Robin; Terrill, Lynda
ESL Instruction and Adults with Learning Disabilities
www.ericacve.org
ERIC 443298
This article reviews what is known about adult ESOL learners and LD, suggests ways to identify and assess ESOL adults who may have LD, and offers practical methods for both instruction and teacher training.
Seufert, P. Refugees as English Language Learners: Issues and Concerns

Online:
http://ericir.syr.edu/Eeric/
adv_search.shtml

ERIC 438741

Culture orientation training is received by the approximately 78,000 to 90,000 refugees settled in the United States each year. In this text, commonly asked questions concerning refugees' ethnic origins and English language abilities are explored as well as program considerations for serving this population. Topics of discussion are: who are the refugees and where are they from; a comparison of overseas training to past training and the implications for U.S. service providers; factors considered in setting up instructional programs for refugees; recommended curricular approaches; how employment skills can be integrated with ESL training; and how ESL programs with limited funds offer support services, curriculum innovations, and technology access to refugees.
Shank, C.
Terrill, L.
Teaching Multi-Level ESOL Classrooms Online:
www.cal.org/ncle/digests/
shank.htm

ERIC 383242
In multilevel adult English as a second language (ESL) classes, teachers are challenged to use a variety of materials, activities, and techniques to engage the interest of the learners and assist them in their educational goals. This digest recommends ways to choose and organize content for multilevel classes; it explains grouping strategies; it discusses a self-access component, independent work for individual learners; and it offers suggestions for managing the classes.
Takaki, R. A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America Boston: Little, Brown, 1994 This book chronicles US history through the experiences of immigrants and minorities and challenges readers to expand our conception of what it means to be American.
Valdes, J.M. Culture Bound: Bridging the cultureal gap in language teaching Cambridge UP
ISBN: 0-521-31045-8
Designed to give language teachers a basis for introducing a cultural component into their teaching. Articles give a perspective on how language and culture interact and explore in particular the difference between interacting with another culture and entering it. Learners are encouraged to understand the new culture without necessarily embracing it.
Vella, J. K. Taking Learning to Task: Creative Strategies for Teaching Adults Jossey-Bass, San Fransisco, CA, 2000 Jane Vella writes with one basic assumption: that learning is most effective when teachers involve their students in the learning process. In Taking Learning to Task, Vella shifts the spotlight from teaching tasks to learning tasks. Unlike traditional teaching methods, learning tasks are open questions leading to open dialogue between teacher and learner. To illustrate this unique approach, Vella provides seven steps to planning learning-centered courses, four types of learning tasks, a checklist of principles and practices, critical questions for instructional design, key components for evaluation, and other tools. She also shares real-world examples of successful learning programs, including online and distance-learning courses. Taking Learning to Task is a hands-on, practical guide to designing effective learning tasks for diverse learners and diverse content.
Vella, J. K. Training through Dialogue:Promoting Effective Learning and Change with Adults Jossey-Bass, San Fransisco, CA, 1995 "Training Through Dialogue" applies the principles of adult learning to the tasks of designing and implementing educational programs. She draws on the field of popular education, in which learners are essentially partners. Through numerous examples in a variety of settings, Vella illustrates the effectiveness of her train-the-trainer program: in Chile with community health educators, in rural Arkansas with small business developers, in New England with trainers from diverse nonprofit organizations etc. Each chapter ends with a summary that invites critique and suggestions and presents indicators of changed behavior from individuals who took part in that particular program.
Video Captured Wisdom, CD and Video

National Center for Adult Literacy (NCAL)

To Order:
www.ncrel.org/cw/al/

This is an interactive multimedia resource designed to help inform educators of successful technology integration practices in adult education environments. Captured Wisdom shows innovative, replicable activities, discussed by front-line classroom educators and learners so that other teachers can feel they have had an opportunity to actually visit the classes and chat directly with the learners and teachers about their work.
Website Adult Basic Education Teacher's Toolkit www-tcall.tamu.edu/toolkit/
COVER.HTM
This toolkit, from the Texas Education Agency, covers a wide range of ABE learning concepts and approaches, including key considerations involving adult development in the first few chapters.
Website Anti-Racist/Culture-Based Approaches www.nald.ca/canorg/cclow/
makcon/anti/cover.htm
Making Connections is a feminist approach to curriculum for literacy and EAL instruction. It grew out of a recognized need for woman-positive literacy materials that reflect the realities of women's lives. However, there are many ways to make curriculum, many feminist approaches to curriculum and many ways to address social change through education. Making Connections presents some of these ways.
Website College for Lifelong Learning Course Offerings

www.cll.edu/programs/
cert_adln1..htm

This site lists academic programs for the College for Lifelong Learning in Concord, NH, specifically courses that cover knowledge of unique elements related to adult learning, such as the importance of experience in learning, the ongoing cognitive development process, and the effects of aging on the learning process; ability to apply knowledge about adult learning to the design and teaching of learning activities and programs in a way which makes them "adult friendly" and effective formats for learning; and understanding of other important factors that are part of adult learning, such as diversity and learning, the role of learning in the workplace, and learning as a collaborative process.
Website Guided Reflections for Facilitators www.nald.ca/canorg/cclow/
makcon/guided/cover.htm
These resources focus on women's needs and strengths as learners and address what some have seen as a shortage of viable materials for women learning to reading and write in English.
Website National Center for ESL Literacy Education Digests www.cal.org/ncle/digests/
#sec6
This Website offers a set of digests specifically addressed for specific populations.
Website The SNOW Project http://snow.utoronto.ca/
index.html
This group maintains a Website that describes and links to online resources and professional development opportunities for educators and parents of students with special needs. Tools and information, online workshops, curriculum materials, info on adaptive technologies, best practices, discussion for a and other resources to assist teachers to use new technologies to benefit learners with disabilities.
Website Women and Literacy Page www.brown.edu/Departments/
Swearer_Center/Literacy
_Resources/women.html
A resource site maintained by the Swearer Center at Brown University, Providence RI, containing dozens of links, articles, discussion sites, and so forth that deal with the special needs, challenges, and strengths of women learners.
Website Women's Word: A Change Curriculum for tutors and Learners www.unc.edu/depts/scale/
womenswords.html
This article, maintained on SCALE's Website, is a reflection and action curriculum designed for volunteer tutors who are working with girls and women in their community. The curriculum offers women-focused social change texts, accompanied by reflection session agendas for use by tutors and lesson plans for use with learners. Through the provided texts, both tutors and learners will examine the issues women face, as well as learn about women who have taken positive action in their communities. The curriculum will also prompt tutors and learners to examine their own experiences and contexts, and to make their own plans for action.
Wrigley, H.S. "Knowledge in Action: The Promise of Project-Based Learning"

Focus on Basics, December 1998
v2, nD

This article describes the history, process, and strategies involved in doing project-based learning with adult learners. It discusses the role of the teacher in project based learning as well as the many benefits and skill gains on the part of students who take ownership of the project.
ZIP Got a great resource to suggest? Does one of our resources cover additional standards? All additions, suggestions, and queries are welcome! Please contact Carey Reid at creid@worlded.org

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