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Standard C7. Uses strategies that are effective for learners to develop and use critical thinking skills and to solve complex problems.
Author Title Publishing Information Abstract
Barndt, D.
Cristall, F.
Marino, D.
Getting there: producing photo-stories with immigrant women Between the Lines, Toronto, 1982 "Getting There" explores learning experiences which will help adults discover their own values, needs, and skills and how they might fulfill their employment needs. For adults who are trying to make a transition from welfare to work or further education, the curriculum combines activities of personal reflection with research into local job and training opportunities and practice of job search skills.
Bigelow, B.
Peterson, B. eds.
Rethinking Columbus: The Next 500 Years Rethinking Schools, Limited, Milwaukee, WI, 1998 Why rethink Christopher Columbus? Because the Columbus story is a foundation for people's beliefs about society. Columbus is often a child's first lesson about encounters between different cultures and races. The legend tells us whose version of history to accept and whose to ignore. Most history books tell the story of Columbus from one point of view. The MA ABE Social Studies Framework encourages us to help learners understand historical perspective and multiple viewpoints. This book includes more than 90 essays, poems, interviews, historical vignettes, and lesson plans re-evaluate the myth of Columbus and issues of indigenous rights.
Brief Techniques for Authentic Assessment ERIC practice application brief
Online: www.ercacve.org/
Draws from several sources to describe types of authentic assessment (skills taught in context), explain some of the advantages and challenges they present, and highlight some best practices in design and implementation, with specific examples from adult, career, and vocational education.
Ellsworth, E. "Why Doesn't This Feel Empowering?" Harvard Educational Review, 1989
v19, n3
The author maintains that the discourse of critical pedagogy is based on assumptions that give rise to repressive myths. She reflects on her role as a White, middle-class woman and professor developing an antiracist course with a diverse group of students. She critiques the concepts of empowerment, student voice, dialogue, and critical reflection. Her arguments are similar to those expressed by George Demitrion in "A Critical Pedagogy of the Mainstream."
Herta-Marcias, A. "Alternative Assessment: Responses to Commonly Asked Questions" TESOL Journal, Autumn 1995 Pits alternative assessments against the criteria for validity and reliability and declares it can fulfill both. What's more, "The data compiled on individual students provide a clear picture of each student's development through the various work samples and products collected. As an educator looks at this picture, she can determine growth, areas of weakness, and areas of strength."
Kegan, R. Toward a New Pluralism in ABE/ESOL Classrooms: Teaching to Multiple "Cultures of Mind"

NCSALL Report 19A

http://ncsall.gse.harvard.edu

The executive summary of a recently completed Harvard study by Robert Kegan and several co-researchers. The study discovers a strong connection between learner development and how they perceive curriculum and instruction. Teachers need to be equipped to understand how powerfully developmental levels can affect learner performance; for example, how "ready" is a certain learner for a teacher-imposed lesson plan involving a high degree of learner self-direction or self-assessment. The study also explores the complexities of the teacher-learner relationship and the importance of "cohorts" within program populations.
Kerka, S. Techniques for Authentic Assessment

ERIC practice application brief, 1995
Online: www.ericave.org

Draws from several sources to describe types of authentic assessment (skills taught in context), explain some of the advantages and challenges they present, and highlight some best practices in design and implementation, with specific examples from adult, career, and vocational education.
Leonelli, E. The ABE Math Standards Project Malden, MA (MassDOE), Massachusetts ABE Math Team, 1994
Call 781-338-3833 for possible copy.
"Main funding came as an award from The National Institute for Literacy Grant Program to Holyoke Community College in collaboration with SABES and The Massachusetts Department of Education." Vol. 1. The Massachusetts adult basic education math standards -- Vol. 2. Implementing the Massachusetts adult basic education math standards: our research stories.
McKenzie, J. From Now On Article on Website
Download from: www.fno.org
Jamie McKenzie is recognized for being highly knowledgeable about the uses of technology for instruction, but also for being aware of the pitfalls of misguided uses or unforeseen difficulties. His articles have been collected for downloading on this Website. Some titles are: "From Technology Refusal to Technology Acceptance: A Reprise" (an examination of why technology often does not fulfill its promise in educational settings); "Secrets of Success: Professional Development that Works"; "Learning Digitally" ("Learning digitally will only transform schools and student performance if we make wise program decisions, invest mightily in professional development, and emphasize strategic teaching."; and "Deep Thinking and Deep Reading..." ("...are dual processors which inform the search for truth and lead us toward insight and illumination."
Mezirow, J. On critical reflection Adult Education Quarterly; v48 n3 p185-98 Spr 1998 This article presents an analysis and clarification of the role of critical reflection of assumptions. This concept can help practitioners understand the process of how adults learn to think for themselves and act based on their own set of values rather than the values of others. The article discusses the types of critical reflection and the role critical reflection plays in learning.
Mezirow, Jack A critical theory of adult learning and education Journal of Adult Education, Vol. 32 #1 , 1981 This article discusses the theories of Jurgen Habermas, the nature of three domains of adult learning, each with its own interpretative categories, learning goals, needs, and methods of educational intervention. It includes a “charter for andragogy which defines the term as “an organized sustained effort to assist adults to learn in a way that enhances their capability to function as self directed learners.”
Mezirow, Jack Fostering Critical Reflection in Adulthood Jossey-Bass , San Fransisco, CA, 1990  This book focuses on helping adults identify the frames of reference and assumptions that influence the way they perceive, think, decide, feel, and act on their experience. It suggests methods and proram approaches for precipitating and fostering transformative learning.
National Center for Adult Literacy (NCAL) Captured Wisdom, CD and Video To Order:
www.ncrel.org/cw/al/
This is an interactive multimedia resource designed to help inform educators of successful technology integration practices in adult education environments. Captured Wisdom shows innovative, replicable activities, discussed by front-line classroom educators and learners so that other teachers can feel they have had an opportunity to actually visit the classes and chat directly with the learners and teachers about their work.

Smolen, L.
Newman, C.
Wathen, T.
Lee, D.

"Developing Student Self-Assessment Strategies" TESOL Journal, Autumn 1995 A very practical glimpse, thorough while brief, into the advantages of including learners in assessment design, execution, and interpretation. Good ideas about portfolio design, collected "showcase" work, and planning ahead for assessment success.
Tate, M.
Alexander, J.
"Teaching Critical Evaluation Skills for World Wide Web Resources" Computers in Libraries
Nov/Dec 1996
The authors argue that merely helping an adult learner access the Web is not enough. Instruction must also involve helping learners to critically evaluate resources. The provide a sample lesson plan and several effective strategies.
Tracy-Mumford, F. Student Retention: Creating Student Success National Adult Education Professional Development Consortium, 1994

Monograph No. 2
Provides a framework for establishing student retention goals and strategies that clusters around three components: effective support (to sustain motivation and foster persistence); quality instruction (to attain skills leading to their goals and program completion); suitable program structures/policies (to enable the support and instruction to be effective and assure systematic applciation of the practices.). Effective practices to improve student retention are provided as well, such as early intervention, and advice on establishing a complete retention system within a program.
Vella, J. K. Taking Learning to Task: Creative Strategies for Teaching Adults Jossey-Bass, San Fransisco, CA, 2000 Jane Vella writes with one basic assumption: that learning is most effective when teachers involve their students in the learning process. In Taking Learning to Task, Vella shifts the spotlight from teaching tasks to learning tasks. Unlike traditional teaching methods, learning tasks are open questions leading to open dialogue between teacher and learner. To illustrate this unique approach, Vella provides seven steps to planning learning-centered courses, four types of learning tasks, a checklist of principles and practices, critical questions for instructional design, key components for evaluation, and other tools. She also shares real-world examples of successful learning programs, including online and distance-learning courses. Taking Learning to Task is a hands-on, practical guide to designing effective learning tasks for diverse learners and diverse content.
Website Adult Literacy Resource Institute Inquiry Maps www2.wgbh.org/mbcweis/
ltc/alri/I.M.html
This includes conversation about Project-based Learning, Inquiry Maps and the Internet. This conversation is followed by two articles by David Rosen, which are based on excerpts from the conversation. It explains what project-based learning and inquiry maps are and how to use them in the classroom. The site uses examples from student experiences and shows how to expand upon them. There are also links to more information about this topic.
Website Street Law www.streetlaw.org Street Law is practical, participatory education about law, democracy and human rights. Through its philosophy and programs, Street Law empowers people to transform democratic ideals into citizen action. There is information on their website about the materials they have published and the training they do. This includes materials on how to help learners use critical thinking skills in the context of law and civic participation. Some lessons included are mock trials, jigsaw activities on supreme court decisions which allow students to "be the Supreme Court Justice" etc.
Website The Adult Numeracy Network: Teachers, Students, and Math Working Together www.std.com/anpn/ The A.N.N is a community dedicated to quality mathematics instruction at the adult level. From their mission statement "We support each other, we encourage collaboration and leadership, and we influence policy and practice in adult math instruction." The website includes mathematics activities involving multi-sensory models, archives of a mathematics e-mail listserv for adult educators, full text articles written by adult educators about teaching math, and many links to other numeracy related websites. Check out the link to "Adult Numeracy page" for many online and printable math activities.
Website The Center for Media Literacy www/medialit.org "A democratic civilization will save itself only if it makes the language of the image into a stimulus for critical reflection, not an invitation to hypnosis." -Umberto Eco This is a quote which appears on the Center for Media Literacy’s website. The Center’s mission is to help individuals learn to use critical thinking skills in accessing, analyzing, evaluating and creating media. The website provides numerous full text articles on topics such as violence and the media, how to analyze media messages, what parents should know about children and television, how the media shapes society, and how students can learn critical thinking skills along with literacy skills in the production of media.
Website The Right Question Project www.rightquestion.org From their website "The Right Question Project, Inc. (RQP), a nonprofit organization based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, is simultaneously offering an effective, easy-to-use educational strategy and a clear vision of how to build a more democratic society." Their techniques teach people how to formulate their own questions and focus on how decisions are made in order to advocate for themselves and others.
Website The website for the Health & Literacy Compendium www.worlded.org/us/health/
docs/comp/
The Health and Literacy Compendium includes over 80 citations to print and Web materials available in North America that cover such topics as: how to assess and develop easy-to-read health education materials, how to teach literacy using health content, information about the literacy field and "participatory" education methodologies as well as Curricula and materials on a variety of health topics for adults with limited literacy skills.
Wrigley, H.S. "Knowledge in Action: The Promise of Project-Based Learning"

Focus on Basics, December 1998
v2, nD

This article describes the history, process, and strategies involved in doing project-based learning with adult learners. It discusses the role of the teacher in project based learning as well as the many benefits and skill gains on the part of students who take ownership of the project.
ZIP Got a great resource to suggest? Does one of our resources cover additional standards? All additions, suggestions, and queries are welcome! Please contact Carey Reid at creid@worlded.org
Boston CRC Central Northeast Southeast West
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